Difficulty

There are four difficulty levels in Left 4 Dead. Each level refers to the difficulty of the campaign, and each has drastic differences over the next. For example, on the Easy difficulty, it's rare to see a horde outside of the occasional Crescendo Event, whereas on Expert it's likely you'll face a Horde around every corner. The specific differences between each difficulty level are listed below.

Easy
As the name suggests, this difficulty is the easiest of the four. Players recieve a ridiculous overabundance of health packs, to the point where you can be completely reckless for the whole game and still have plenty of packs left over. Common infected die from a single pistol shot, meaning that a single player with a pistol can decimate a horde in moments. Shotgun shells kill infected at sniper range. This mode would be recommended for beginners and experienced players who simply want to relax. This is also a good (albeit somewhat cheap) way of getting some Achievements.

Details

 * The Tank has 3000 health points.
 * The Witch has 500 health points.
 * Friendly fire does not inflict damage, but friendly fire incidents will still register and disqualify players from earning the Safety First achievement.
 * Common Infected inflict 1 point of damage per hit, 0.5 if attacking a survivor's back.

Normal
Normal mode is fairly balanced, as far as the difficulties go. It's harder than easy, but not something that will quickly decimate an inexperienced player, such as in Advanced or Expert. However, The Director's evident sadism will begin to show more often here, especially if the players are doing well.

Normal is also the set difficulty for Versus mode.

Details

 * The Tank has 4000 health points.
 * The Witch has 1000 health points.
 * Friendly fire inflicts 1 point of damage per hit to the survivors.
 * Common Infected inflict 2 damage per hit from the front, and 1 from the back.

Advanced
Advanced is, of course, for slightly more experienced players, though it's not as devastating as Expert. If the player is not careful, they should be ready for multiple tries per map, as things can get pretty hard—and friendly fire incidents are the bane of a serious player, as they take off quite a bit of health here. The fact that first aid kits don't spawn very often only serve to further exacerbate the problem.

Details

 * The Tank has 6000 health points.
 * The Witch has 1000 health points.
 * Non-headshots get no bonus damage
 * Common Infected inflict 5 damage per hit from the front, and 2.5 from the back.
 * Friendly fire inflicts 50% damage per hit to the Survivors.

Expert
Expert mode is, obviously, the toughest difficulty of the four. It is not at all recommended for the inexperienced or impatient, as it may take many tries for the player to complete a single chapter. In this mode, never fear death, and always be on the move. Standing still is an almost guaranteed way to get killed here. But then, even moving has its down sides. The player must be ready for anything, anticipate everything. However, they must remember that in the end, it is very likely that they will die. Though it can get incredibly frustrating at times, with practice and a great deal of patience, it is possible to get through.

There are many unique nuances in Expert difficulty that you won't see in the others.

AI Survivors
The AI Survivors are not as effective at fighting the Horde as they are in other modes, perhaps to make it so that the player will not rely on them too heavily. They also have a hard time keeping up with the human players, possibly forcing you to leave them behind. In this case alone, it's understandable to sacrifice one of them, especially if it's for the greater good of those who make it.

The Horde
If you don't keep moving, it is possible for you to be trapped in a room by endless waves of Horde. The time between Panic Events in Expert mode is a lot shorter than in the other modes, and the size of the Horde is larger. If you are stuck in a room because of all the zombies, another Panic Event can start while you are still dealing with the zombies from the first one. Boomers will constantly be sent at the Survivors as well, puking and exploding all over them. The longer you are trapped in the room, the less likely it is for you to get out. If you eventually do get out, it's possible there will be a Tank waiting for you.

Details
This is a mostly complete list, extracted in part from the exposed cvar interface. See Console commands for information on the cvars.
 * The main attack of the Witch is a one-hit kill that bypasses incapacitation.
 * The Witch has 1000 health points.
 * The Tank has 8000 health points.
 * The Tank takes longer to burn when set on fire.
 * Fire inflicts more damage to the Survivors.
 * Friendly fire inflicts full damage to the Survivors. AVOID FRIENDLY FIRE AT ALL COSTS.
 * Common Infected inflict 10 damage per hit from the front, and 20 from the back.
 * First-aid kits are replaced by pain pills.
 * It is possible to find First-aid kits outside of Safe rooms and finales, but it is incredibly rare.
 * Minimum interval between Horde attacks is much shorter.
 * Hunter attacks deal 40 damage.