The Smoker

"Smoker, he's gonna have to use that tongue to choke foot out of his ass."

- Francis

"Well, on the news they called them Smokers."

- Rochelle

The Smoker, also called the "Tongue Guy", "Smoking One", or "Tonguer", is an Infected with a long, whip-like tongue that is hundreds of feet long. The Smoker's tongue can be launched out of its mouth at high speeds, and when it reaches one of the Survivors, it automatically wraps up their body and drags it off toward the Smoker.

Extent of Mutations
The Smoker has been heavily mutated by a strain of the Infection and frequently makes high-pitched rasping and coughing noises that can alert Survivors of its presence in the area. Though it resembles most typical Infected, it is taller, more durable, and its skin has become covered in growths that causes little spurts of green smoke and blood when shot as well as a large musky green cloud to form when ruptured upon death. It is said that the smoke it expels gives off a putrid smell, but it is otherwise harmless. Its face is bloated and appears to be covered by a large tumor. In Left 4 Dead he can be seen wearing a white shirt with a green jacket as well as jeans and converse-like sneakers. Though its mentality is similar to that of the typical Infected, it's not distracted by such things as the flashing lights of pipe bombs nor is it apparently attracted by such things as car alarms going off. When constricted, Survivors have a brief moment (1-2 seconds) to shoot the offending Smoker before their arms are ensnared by the tongue; if they fail, the Survivor is helplessly dragged off, and will take damage until the survivor dies or is melee attacked, or until the tongue is severed or the Smoker dies. The Smoker claws at an ensnared Survivor when they are dragged all the way back to him, while at the same time the Survivor takes damage from the tongue constricting them if an obstacle obstructs them from being dragged to the Smoker. If a Survivor isn't dragged all the way back to a Smoker due to an obstruction (for example, a horde surrounding the Survivor) the Survivor will only take damage from the tongue's squeeze (this damage seems to be the same as when the Smoker is clawing at them, however). When killed, a Smoker leaves a haze of dark green smoke, obscuring the Survivors if they stand in it. Like most other Special Infected, a melee hit from the Smoker does about twice as much damage as the horde. Only one Smoker is normally allowed on the Infected team while playing Versus.

Some have suggested that the mutated "tongue" could actually be its intestines. Occasionally, when killing the Smoker, hundreds of feet of "tongue" will spew from its mouth, supporting the intestines theory. A second theory leading to the Smokers mutation is that the strain of infection has caused a type of fungus, or similar bacteria to grow along its face. This could also be responsible for the spore or smoke clouds, and its tongue(s), since in many cases fungus has been known to grow tentacle like appendages which appears similar to its tongue. This is supported by the fact that upon death, the Smokers mutated tongue disappears and you can see the true tongue in his mouth.

Left 4 Dead 2
The Smoker has a different physical appearance. The Infection has caused the Smoker to now have very large lumps and tumor-like appendages on the left arm, larger and bulkier than that in Left 4 Dead, hinting at a form of infected strain for the Smoker, while there are no lumps on the right, aside for a small cluster of boils near his wrist. Aside from his original tongue, he now has two relatively short tongue-like tendrils sticking out the back of his shoulder, one tongue coming out the right side of his neck, one looped at the bottom, and a large tongue is sticking out the back of his neck, which makes a total of 6 tongues. Most notable is the presence of a massive tumor on his throat and chest which pulses in game. Using the pressure from this, combined with muscle control, could explain how he is able to shoot his tongue. His skin is also no longer dark gray, but is normally colored, and he also seems to have more shine to his skin, as if he is covered in either infectious pus or some other oily substance. In terms of clothing, he now wears a blue T-shirt, and jeans with a slight sag that show the waistband of his under garments. Also, his tongue wraps mostly around the Survivor's throat, instead of just their chest and arms. Valve has also shortened the distance that the Smoker's tongue can go.

Survivors
General strategy:
 * Always have at least one buddy close at hand.
 * Listen for the distinctive hacking cough sound the Smoker makes.
 * It is also useful to note that if you turn the subtitles on you will be able to read the Smoker's coughs. This can be useful during noisy situations such as the latter half of Hard Rain.
 * When snared, immediately start shooting towards the Smoker. Use the brief moment before constriction to your advantage.
 * If at close range, and Smokers tend to be very agile when escaping, four melee attacks will kill a Smoker, much like the Hunter due to the same number of health points.
 * Look for the green cloud the Smoker leaves in his wake.

Upon seeing a Smoker:
 * If it is far away: open fire
 * If it is close: quickly do a melee attack. This is important because if you get constricted at very close range, you may not get any window of opportunity for shooting at all.

Just after being ensnared:
 * If you can't see the Smoker, shoot the tongue instead. Don't neglect to kill the Smoker afterwards. It does take a while for the Smoker to "recharge" that tongue for another attack, but it will happen. At the very minimum, warn fellow Survivors that the Smoker is still an active threat.
 * Don't bother trying to melee the tongue if you have been captured, this used to work but a patch from Valve means that now the only way to free yourself is to kill the Smoker.
 * If a Smoker grabs you while you're throwing a pipe bomb, and no other Survivors are around or notice you, throw the pipe bomb at the Smoker. The resulting explosion will free you from the Smoker's grasp.
 * While most melee weapons cannot be used (aside from shoving) once you have been grabbed, the chainsaw can be used during the small window of opportunity you get. When you hear a Smoker and think you may be the target, get out your chainsaw, as it will take a while to be ready to use. When the Smoker grabs you, aim down at the tongue and cut it with the chainsaw to instantly free yourself.

Helping a captured Survivor:
 * Use a melee attack. You can melee two things to instantly free them and avoid nasty friendly-fire incidents:
 * The Survivor themselves
 * The Smoker
 * Shoot
 * Target the Smoker (the tongue should lead you right to it)
 * If you can't see the Smoker then target the tongue instead
 * If you can't see the Smoker or the tongue then shoot the Smoker through the wall or ceiling (i.e.: judge the position of the Smoker relative to the Survivor getting clawed).
 * Sharp melee weapons such as the katana, machete, or the axe may cut through the Smoker's tongue if he harnessed another Survivor.

Infected
If you're playing as a Smoker, a common yet useful tactic is to exploit the advantage of higher ground. Choking a Survivor from above is far more effective than dragging a Survivor straight to you. Although pulling is effective when necessary, the Smoker is very vulnerable to gunfire due to a lack of cover, and the survivor can be saved easily. Being higher makes it harder to see and kill you, giving you the advantage. When executing this properly, you can be extremely dangerous, just constrict, step back, recharge, repeat. This can possibly lead to all Survivors at orange health before your death.

The key point to the Smoker is to be patient and wait until the Survivors are distracted or separated.

As much as possible, try not to stay still. If you do, then the green cloud that surrounds you will reveal your location, making you easy to spot.


 * Make an alliance with a specific Infected.
 * When a Survivor is facing a Smoker after it grabs them, their first instinct is to send a hail of gunfire towards him in an attempt to escape. This can be used as a deadly advantage when it comes to car alarms. Stand behind the car, and pull a Survivor toward you. If you're lucky, instinct will overcome common sense, and the Survivor will trigger the car alarm while attempting to escape. Then the oncoming horde will help you deal triple the damage you normally would.
 * If Survivors are chasing you and it is likely you will die, go ahead and try to use your melee attack against them and do as much damage as you can before death. Every bit of damage counts.
 * A Survivor with a Hunting Rifle or a Sniper Rifle is a Smoker's nightmare. Try to aim for a Survivor with a Hunting/Sniper Rifle first, but be sure to stay hidden. When ensnared, a Survivor cannot scope and the crosshairs will expand.
 * If the Survivors are near a large vertical drop - such as an overhang or rooftop - take advantage of this by pulling them over the edge. This will either cause a great deal of falling damage or incapacitate them by making them cling to the edge. However, also be careful when doing this as the Smoker's tongue can remain tied around the survivor leaving the Smoker defenseless.
 * There are also certain points on each map where dragging a Survivor off a certain rooftop or out of a certain window will kill them instantly. This is a game changing tactic and can mean the difference between winning and losing a Versus match, so learn those points! Generally this manifests in the form of the Survivor dangling over an area that a drop from freeing them would result in instant death.
 * Higher ground is a great advantage, but sometimes the low ground plays to your advantage. If the Survivors are on a high structure that takes precious time to get back on top of and you pull them off being in a position where you are not easily hit, someone else will have to come down to rescue the entangled Survivor. This can split the Survivors and will cost both the Survivor and his rescuer precious time to scale back up the building and get back with the team.
 * Try to think like a Survivor. Consider the worst possible time you've been dragged away by the Smoker. In particular, being dragged into the arms of a Witch or Boomer, off ledges or rooftops, and into a raging inferno are devastating.
 * Unlike the Hunter, a Survivor can still attack you for a second or so before they are knocked over and dragged if they spot you. If they do you'll most likely die a quick death. In light of this, always attack from above or behind and never in front.
 * Your main job is to halt the Survivors, force them to backtrack, and give your teammates more time to re-spawn. Any damage you cause is just icing on the cake. Again, prioritize your targets - red outlined people first. During finales, your main job is to pull people away from the group.
 * Survival sometimes leaves you well behind the Survivor team with no way to move quickly ahead of them and set up another ambush. Keep this in mind - it's sometimes better to run away from them until you get that "Press E/X to respawn" message, rather than trying to run behind them and grab someone while in broad daylight. Note that due to a recent patch, this will no longer reset your health to 100%.
 * If there is ever an area where Survivors need to drop down and there is no way back up (for example,The Sewer in No Mercy chapter 3) a Smoker can wait behind the Survivors until 3 of the 4 Survivors drop down and then quickly grab the 4th. As long as the 4th Survivor doesn't kill you before he's knocked over, you are almost always guaranteed a kill. Just be careful to be definitely out of the line of sight of anyone down the hole.
 * One of the Smoker's best strategies is to grab Survivors at the back of the group. That way, the other Survivors probably won’t notice a missing Survivor.
 * You can grab a Survivor through thin objects such as doors, or windows, though normally, as you drag the Survivor away, he will be stopped by the object. They will sometimes, however, just slide though, allowing you to pull them even farther away.
 * When a Survivor is on a higher area (e.g. on the second floor of a building) look for a dividing between you and your target, such as a car, or a shipper container for example. Then walk closely towards your chosen obstacle, and find an optimal distance where you are hidden behind it but still can see the target if you jump up. Jump up and drag the Survivor. Most commonly, the Survivor will be hung at the other end while you are safely behind the divider.
 * If you are above the Survivors, and are able to aim straight down and grab one with your tongue, they generally fall into a fully constricted state immediately, as there is nowhere for them to be pulled to. This is handy for removing one of the four guns from a fight.
 * Punish pyromaniacs by dragging them through their own fire.
 * On Dead Air, try to shoot your tongue through the metal detector into a Survivor. They will be dragged back through the metal detector and set it off, spawning a horde for the other Survivors to deal with.
 * In The Turnpike, at the beginning of Death Toll, there is a bridge that has been destroyed, littered with abandoned cars. There are ladders the Survivors have to climb - if you stand on the bridge ahead of the Survivors spawn and snag one while they are climbing near the top, they will be pulled into mid air. If at this point you are killed, the drop will incapacitate them due to the height of the bridge and most likely previous attacks from the Smoker. You could also wait at the bottom of the bridge and wait for The Survivors to climb up the ladder.
 * In Left 4 Dead 2 Smokers may have a faster tongue recharge time after constricting a Survivor, but the range is shorter than Left 4 Dead.
 * In Left 4 Dead 2, Smokers release targets that they drag hang on to ledges, this can be extremely nasty given the Smoker's faster tongue recharge, as a quick Smoker and Jockey team or a slow Survivor team can be defeated easily simply by dragging someone off and snaring or riding the rescuers to the same fate.

Working with teammates

 * The Smoker also works well with the Hunter. Between them, they can immediately silence two separated Survivors without a fight.
 * There are several locations where a Smoker can pull a Survivor and have a Hunter pounce on them to kill, not incapacitate. One such spot exists on the roof of No Mercy, on the area where the Survivors exit when they climb the ladders. Another exists in the first chapter of Dead Air, when survivors must exit onto a tin roof with the words "HELP" written on it.
 * Cocky Survivors will usually chase after a fleeing Smoker, whose tongue is recharging, in order to kill them off. If you notice this behavior, take advantage of it. Have a Hunter wait around a corner, then get one of the Survivors to chase you and have the Hunter pounce the Survivor chasing you.
 * Give the Tank less to deal with, and protect him by grab a Survivor shooting at him. The last thing a group of Survivors need is to have one of their friends dragged a long distance away during a Tank battle.
 * This is also helpful towards Chargers who are under attack while pounding a Survivor into the ground.
 * Common Infected don't stop attacking a Survivor just because you have him entangled, in fact it's the bane of a Survivor covered in Boomer bile. Try to prey on Survivors covered in bile, especially when they're weak.
 * Alternatively, if a Boomer has vomited on the three other Survivors, you can take the opportunity to grab the fourth. While the other three are covered in bile, they cannot see aura signals of their allies. In the mess of the Horde battle, the lack of an aura means they may not even notice.
 * Stand just behind or in a Spitter's pool of acid and pull the Survivor into a nice acid bath.

Good Ambush Spots
There are a number of places a Smoker can pull a Survivor that will result in instant death or incapacitation. There are also a few places that you can grab a Survivor, and others will not be able to help them.

No Mercy
The Apartments The Subway The Sewer The Hospital Rooftop Finale
 * If a Survivor is careless enough to jump on the slightly higher ledge on the rooftop they start on after you spawn, you can grab a Survivor, and they will hang helplessly. If another Survivor frees them, they will fall to their death. If they don't help your victim, you will eventually kill them.
 * Grab the last Survivor before they jump through the hole to the ground floor, but be conscious of the fact that the other Survivors can shoot through the ceiling. Also be aware of the AI survivors ability to climb back up through the hole.
 * There is a long corridor of tall buildings outside the main building you leave from, which makes a great rooftop ambush area.
 * In the generator room, once the Survivors are on the walkway above the crescendo event trigger, a Smoker can grab a Survivor from up there and incapacitate or kill them, depending on their health.
 * If you go ahead of the Survivors before the crescendo event, you can break the windows of the first office, and, if they go near a window, you can drag the Survivor to their doom.
 * You can grab the last Survivor trying to go into the sewer.
 * You can possibly pull a Survivor back into the manhole that they came out of near the hospital, and incapacitate them.
 * After the Survivors activated the Crescendo Event, grab the last Survivor crossing the roof and pull them down behind the trucks. This will hold the Survivors back severely.
 * On a walkway, after a flight of stairs leading from the starting safe-room, there is a walkway which, if you break the metal bars that support it, you can drag survivors off to slow their progress, as they have to climb some stairs to its far left to get back onto it again. This is most useful in the middle of a horde or Tank attack.
 * On the 28th floor, there is a curve on the roof. As shown in the video below, you can grab a Survivor and dangle them until they die or another survivor kills you.
 * You can hide on the roof with the satellite and grab a Survivor as they emerge from the roof access ladder, the unsuspecting Survivor will be pulled off and most likely perish, though incapacitation is possible.
 * If you grab the last Survivor to leave the high roof, you will likely kill or incapacitate them because the other Survivors cannot get back up to save them.
 * Attached to the building where the rescue chopper is called, there are two sets of pipes that run across to two smaller buildings, usually with grenades on them. Conveniently located next to these pipes is a two-story drop; you can ensnare a Survivor and drag them off of the pipes. Depending on that player's health, it can put them in red or incapacitate them.
 * When the rescue chopper arrives, try to stay hidden and as the Survivors run to the chopper grab the one with the most health. Pull him behind a building then have the other infected attack the Survivors at the chopper. This will give the Tank a good chance to kill the three others and keep them from getting out to rescue the one you snag while you slowly kill them.

Death Toll
The Turnpike The Drains
 * You can pull a Survivor off the broken bridge, and kill them or incapacitate them with low health.
 * There are many holes in the roof inside the tunnel that you can attack from with relative safety.
 * There are many trains you can pull survivors off, including some that other survivors can't get back onto to rescue their friend.
 * You can drag survivors back down the hill that leads up to the saferoom.
 * To the left of the starting safe-room is a high wall with some generators on it. This makes a great spot to attack from, as it is close to where the survivors start, and if you team up with a boomer, hard to hit you from behind the generators.
 * Inside the right pipe there is a hole in the top of it that you can attack from to grab stragglers or anyone running ahead.
 * There are a series of manholes and holes in the floor, as well as many overhanging walkways near the exit to the sewers, which are a haven for ambush Smoker attacks.
 * You can pull a Survivor back down the walkway after the crescendo event.
 * Just outside the safe-room, there is a walkway you can pull survivors off.

The Church The Town Boathouse Finale
 * The watchtower at the beginning of the level can prove dangerous to the Survivors if they go to the top of it, as you grab them and pull them off.
 * After the Survivors jumped off the train car, if you ensnare the last one, they won't be able to save them.
 * Right at the start, you can pull a Survivor off the balcony they go onto for serious damage, or even a kill.
 * Later on in the level, there is a walkway that the survivors must jump up onto from a van. You can slow survivors by pulling them from this.
 * Outside the safe-room, before all the survivors jump down behind the mesh fence, you can pull the last one back where the other survivors can't save him.
 * You can pull survivors into the water from many different places, but the best is from the back of the house and from the walkway where the boat arrives.
 * You can also pull survivors from the walkway on the house, down into the horde below.

Dead Air
The first two chapters in this campaign were made for Smokers.

The Greenhouse The Crane The Construction Site Runway Finale
 * As the Survivors are crossing the first wooden bridge, you can pull them off, either from below them or on a nearby rooftop. There are also many good spots to pull a Survivor off in this chapter.
 * When the Survivors are on the rooftop that contains the Crane itself, you can pull them off from many directions.
 * When the Survivors cross the wooden bridge linking the two buildings, you can pull an enemy off from the narrow alley down below.
 * When the Survivors are on the upper areas, you can pull the Survivors off for some fall damage.
 * If you stand right in front of the static fire in the crater, and pull a Survivor into it, you can kill or incapacitate them quicker, plus, in the time it takes to get someone to help them, they may die.

Blood Harvest
The Woods The Tunnel The Bridge The Train Station Farmhouse Finale
 * If a Survivor walks by the ledge of the chasm, you can pull one of the Survivors off into the abyss.
 * If a Survivor walks too close to the edge of the train tunnel below, you can grab them, but they may just be hanging for their life. They may still fall and die, but hanging is usually the case.
 * You can pull a Survivor off the walkway immediately after the office-like areas for death or incapacitation.
 * You can pull an enemy out of the first window they come near after going up the stairs by the emergency door.
 * After the Survivors go up the bridge that they broke down, you can pull a Survivor off the cliff they are on, and kill them.
 * If you pull a Survivor out of the barn, you can do a good bit of damage. Also on the train station, pulling an enemy off the roof onto ground level can kill or incapacitate someone. On the same level, there is a very long, large chasm, and, needless to say, you can drag them down to a misty grave.
 * When the Survivors jump down to the cornfield, if you grab the last one, they are pretty much doomed. Make sure you are far back though, because anyone with a hunting rifle can take you out before you do any serious damage. You can also, right at the start, hide in the very edge of the cliff beside the safe room and right as they go out spawn and pull one of them and kill him/her.

Dead Center
The Hotel The Mall Atrium
 * When the Survivors are out on the first ledge, try spawning on the ledge below. When they are crossing up above, try and snag the last Survivor before they enter rooms again. This provides the perfect opportunity for another Special Infected to run in and attack. Also, when your attack recharges, just repeat the process and create a group of hanging Survivors.
 * After the elevator, Survivors will most likely be frantically dashing for the safe room. Take advantage of their panic and snag a Survivor through a wall of fire. Not only will the Survivor receive additional damage from the fire, but their teammates will either be too far ahead with the horde to assist or when they do notice, they'll have to go around the flames, giving you even more time.
 * Escalators are always a good spot to hinder the Survivors' progress. Snag the last Survivor going up or down the escalator while other Special Infected cause chaos down below. Try hiding in the higher level areas which are inaccessible to the Survivors while using this method to improve chance of survival.
 * Anytime during the Crescendo Event is great for picking off Survivors. Normally, one or two of them tend to run off in a mad scramble for the alarm. It's your choice whether you want to kill the ones at the back or the ones at the front. Either way, you're sure to get a kill in this part.
 * Hang around on the top level. You're sure to get a few good pulls without taking damage (unless they have a skilled sniper).


 * Alternatively, if all the Survivors are hanging around in the top levels, one may prefer to snag them from the lower levels, leaving them in a hanging state.
 * Target hasty Survivors who only want to collect gas cans. Show them why they shouldn't stray on their own.
 * Attacking anyone who is filling up the gas tank is always a good idea, but if not totally necessary leave that job to a more powerful Infected like the Hunter.

Dark Carnival
The Highway
 * In the Whispering Oaks Motel, there's always an alarm car somewhere. Drag the Survivors off the walk way and into the car. With help from a Spitter and/or Boomer, the Survivor's fate could be sealed.
 * Pulling a Survivor off the 2nd story walk way is in-general a bad situation for any Survivor.

The Concert
 * If you pull a survivor off the giant scaffoldings in the stands when you're on the roof of the concert, it will kill them instantly. (Unless somethings blocking them.)

Hard Rain
The Milltown
 * When entering the Burger Tank there is a large hole in the roof that smokers can snare survivors from without being vulnerable (unless the survivors climb the ladder outside to kill you).

The Sugar Mill 
 * Anytime you drag a survivor into a witch is a good drag. Smoker dragging towards witch=instantly incapped survivor.
 * The sugar field at the end of the level is perfect for smokers. Have a boomer vomit on all of the survivors take ones that haven't been boomed on, or if they were all unlucky just drag one off, they aren't going to notice until it's too late.

Mill Escape
 * Same as The Sugar Mill except there is a heavy storm that has came in and made it hard for the survivors to see use this to your advantage.

Return to Town
 * Any rooftop or alley way will do thanks to the rain. It is almost impossible to pick out a Smoker in the thick downpour.

Town Escape
 * Same snare spot as The Milltown. If the survivors are in the Burger Tank you can use the same snare spot. This time it is much more effective as there is a big distraction: torrential rain.
 * You can also pull them off the roof if they are on top of the Burger Tank.

The Parish
The Park The Cemetery The Bridge (Left 4 Dead 2)
 * Outside the beginning saferoom to the left (Survivor's POV) is a building you can climb in a part from the last level. This place is always handy for a good snag, especially if Survivor's have just been covered in Boomer bile.
 * Capture the last Survivor while they're running the Crescendo Event. A good place to do this is right after the caravan. While they run off, hide behind a fence in the previous area they travelled through and snag the last one. From this angle, you're not an easy target and neither is the captured Survivor.
 * Additionally, pulling any Survivor off the central platform is a bad situation for all of them, especially if they're struggling to reach the alarm.
 * There are many "points-of-no-return" in this map; the house which you jump out of onto a caravan, the sewer entrance and the hole in the bridge. Time your shot and you'll get easy kills.
 * The Impound Lot. This is the major playground for many Specials, especially the Smoker. Drag an unlucky Survivor into a car and hope that the others shoot the car and not you. With the addition of a good Boomer vomit, you may even take the life of that unlucky Survivor.
 * Always aim for the last Survivor. Chances are that the others will leave their poor teammate behind at your mercy.
 * Holes are littered across the bridge. Use them to your advantage!
 * Some Survivors may use the upper level route half-way across the bridge. Snag them off to not only cause additional damage due to the fall, but also it makes teammates panic for they have to make a wise decision: Teammate or Chopper.

Videos
300px|left|thumb|General tips and tricks on playing as a Smoker.

Behind the Scenes
The original design of the Smoker was to "pop in" to the Survivor group in a cloud of smoke, seize any Survivor, and "pop out" again to leave the unlucky Survivor stranded. Valve changed the design, however, saying it was "too challenging for the players." This design has never been seen in any video footage, suggesting that it was dropped early in development.

In early footage, the Smoker seems to have the ability to release pitch-black smoke whenever he wants to. If a survivor is near the Smoker when he fires his smoke, he/she will be pushed back, like he was hit by a Boomer explosion. In addition, the Smoker's tongue would drag a victim at a significantly faster rate, but the victim would be able to fire at the Smoker while he/she was being dragged. A video of the old Smoker behavior can be seen here.

A later video shows that the player took something called "poison damage" from a Smoker. When a person was affected by poison damage, the damage inflicted would turn into temporary health.

An unused server variable shows that the Smoker's smoke was supposed to injure anyone that walked through it. The command is set to "0" by default, meaning that the player takes no damage while walking through it. However, some servers have changed the variable to other numbers so that the player takes damage by running through the smoke. The altered variable is the damage that the Smoker's smoke does to players.

In development, you used to be able to release victims, via right click while a Survivor was being pulled. This can still be accessed by using the console command tongue_allow_voluntary_release 1.